I'm curious, for someone more familiar with Goose: how do you represent an arbitrary number of dynamically sized values? If you have a fixed number of stacks, it seems like only a fixed number of values can change size at any given time.
For instance, how would you represent a hash table where the values are strings and at random, the program inserts or deletes a random string?
This doesn't seem like something you could easily represent. The only way I can think of is to keep a stack that holds all of your strings, and you periodically compact it.
Edit: Maybe you could also have a separate stack for strings of various sizes. One each for strings less than 8, 16, ... bytes. But at that point you're basically implementing your own malloc by hand.
Edit: Fwiw I do think Goose is very cool! I've had to hand-roll a lot of similar stuff in Rust before to speed up memory management
Certainly, this is a language where you get the most benefits if you are able to structure your data usage such that things of similar lifetimes sit together in arrays.
For example, you can build up a tree of all variable sized nodes inside a single array.
Where it gets interesting is if you must arbitrarily delete tree nodes, and you can't structure it to do that in stack order. The language has various tools for this, like fixed arrays with capacity, or pools of either single elements or runs of elements.
I'm not familiar with Goose, but I'm guessing you could define a single stack and put your dynamically sized values in it. Essentially rewriting a memory allocator on top of Goose's stacks. This is what they seem to be doing here: https://github.com/aardappel/goose/blob/master/samples/13_li...
Yeah, that looks like a freelist approach. That will work as long as the values you're allocating are all fixed-size. You'll need something much more complicated if you want arbitrarily sized values
That example implements a linked list of integers. I'm curious how you would do a linked list of strings
Isn’t this just re-inventing the index arena pattern, which nullifies much of the benefit over rust?
> Goose code holds typed references where the equivalent Rust holds u32 indices into an arena — and it is where a good share of the benchmark wins come from.
I think the limit of this would be creating your own allocator that works with the stacks, but you could probably stop short of that in most cases.
It's not entirely mad to do it this way, and I can see some benefits. For one, you might have multiple of these pools across the program for different data-types, which would make allocating to any one of them a cheaper operation. It is much more reference safe since you are only ever freeing stuff in a certain context and you can still never have dangling pointers. When you look at memory safe languages, they all default to this eventually. Like Rust in the advanced case will have you implementing your own allocator, lot's of games use this thing called ECS which is essentially a kind of allocator. Goose would just have it be more common.
This is roughly what I do in Rust. I use different static types for values based on how long they'll live. Temporary values get one type; cached values get another. The allocator allocates each value in a different location based on how long the value will live.
This looks very interesting! I mostly write in garbage-collected languages (to the extent that I still write anything by hand...) so I'm just a spectator in memory management debates, but it's often struck me that heap management is more of an art than a science. The idea of treating memory more like stacks made immediate intuitive sense to me. I'm also fascinated by the thread implementation, although I'm not knowledgeable enough to to think through the potential benefits/costs vs other approaches to concurrency.
I wonder if the name of the language was inspired by the way geese fly in formation, with trailing birds saving energy by flying inside the aerodynamic shadow of the leaders, and swapping in and out as needed. If so, a very nice metaphor for the memory management model.
I was also impressed by the documentation. As we know AI-generted docs tends to be rather mediocre, but the author has clearly invested time in making in readable such that the relevance and rationale of design decisions provide the context that a curious programmer needs to understand why things are implemented in a particular way.
I really appreciated the detailed samples, ranging from simple algorithmic theorems up to a small game. Again, I don't have the experience to rate the language vs others, but I was struck by readable the code was and how easy it was to follow task flow. Not having to think about classes is always a plus!
Anyway, I usually the the offering of a new language with dispassionate interest, as something to be aware of and but not get too invested in or familiar with until it gains enough popularity to have a good shot at longevity. Goose is the first language in a long time where I looked at it and immediately thought that I'd like to use it for its own sake.
If you mentioned it in the main page, I didn't see it.
Something that I'm interested in:
How fast is the compilation speed on large programs compared to Zig, C, Go?
My ideal language is safer than Rust (no deadlocks / livelocks, no stack overflow from recursion), is optimized for cache locality, but compiles faster than Zig.
Fantastic project BTW!
How much AI help did you have with this project? I'm assuming some. If so is it something that you would have taken on before AI help?
Educate me: how to create a program in Goose which reads a JSON structure, prints it out and finishes. How is memory for JSON allocated on stack? It can be from 1K to 1M - depending on the file...
I'm not familiar with Goose, but based on some research and my understanding of how memory works:
At compile time, Goose will analyze your program and determine a number of stacks, N, for it. N is the maximum number of "growable" items you can have in existence at any given point in time. Using virtual memory tricks, each stack can grow up to 2GB, but it uses a contiguous address space and only uses as much physical memory as it actually needs.
For the program you're describing, I think you would end up with two stacks: one to parse the input and a second to print it. When you parse the input, Goose reads characters from the string one at a time and puts them onto the stack. Once it has hit the end of value, it will update the stack so it now represents the decoded JSON value (strings will just leave the characters in place, numbers will pop off the characters and push the number onto the stack). Goose repeats this until it has parsed the whole JSON, and now the whole JSON is on the stack.
Then, when you print the JSON, Goose uses the second stack to build a string. Like the parsing approach, it iterates through each element of the JSON and pushes its string representation onto the stack. Once it's done, it resets the stack pointers to free the memory.
This is really nice because allocating memory is just adding to the pointer, and freeing it is subtracting from the pointer.
In contrast, Rust automatically inserts malloc() and free() calls throughout your code, which are much more expensive than pointer arithmetic. On top of that, freeing a vector of heap-allocated objects is O(n), whereas if done right in Goose, it would be O(1)
I don't see why this is problematic. Stack is just memory, you can allocate it by incrementing a pointer. Any amount you want, really.
Apache modules worked like this (still do, presumably). Each request has a stack; allocations bump the stack pointer; when a request is finished, the stack pointer is reset. Incredibly efficient as long as you don't need to keep memory longer than a single request.
Looks like in Goose, each scope acts like an apache "request".
It would be really great to see how it fits in embedded systems, MCUs in particular!
Embassy (https://github.com/embassy-rs/embassy) uses this concept of no heap allocation and I find it really solid. Even if you write in C, most of the times you don't use heap. MISRA, the C coding standard for automotives, doesn't allow dynamic allocation!
The language as it stands actually uses relatively little physical/committed memory, so could be used in embedded systems, but does rely on there being a 64-bit address space, which is probably still not as common in embedded.
Rust's appeal (to me) is safety, performance, DX in that order.
Where does Goose sit when classified along these dimensions?
Sure, performance is right there on the packaging but no word about UB in the README. I read "Goose has syntax familiar to C and Rust" as DX in the same ballpark, but is it a performance first or safety first language.
If it is the former it occupies the same crowded niche as C++ and its many cousins and will have a hard time.
If it's the latter it will have much more room to prosper. We don't have enough languages in the niche that Rust and Ada fill right now.
Well, "safety" is a lot of things so you have to be a bit more specific than that about your use-cases. And I can't really answer it either way - I think WvO has to chime in about that himself - but I can point to some things that might give you some idea of what to expect. Here's what WvO wrote a few weeks ago when he shared Goose on twitter:
> Goose: my latest programming language. Safer, faster and less memory than Rust/C++ for algorithms where tightly packed, flat data structures matter.
> It can represent more kinds of data structures as flat, pointer-free bytes than any language I know.
So one way to answer might be: how often do you reach for unsafe when using Rust? If you don't I guess Rust is safer. If you do… it gets trickier.
As for UB, I guess you could try looking through the spec and/or the reference? Like, the code is mostly generated by Claude after WvO wrote a specification. If it were anyone else I'd be worried, but given WvO's cv I actually suspect that means the spec leaves basically no ambiguity.
However, Goose compiles to C. Does that by definition mean UB sneaks in, or is there a "UB free" C subset? I don't write C, so I don't really know.
I guess my question is if you can trigger UB in regular Goose and if you can, would it be considered a bug. I realize that this doesn't necessarily have a simple yes or no answer but I still think it'd help to know if Goose is more on the C++ side or the Rust side.
The complete omission of UB in the README could be one of two things. Either that the topic is not important or that it is considered a given and not worth mentioning.
Hmm, well the benchmarks always use an explicit "faster than idiomatic C/C++ and safe Rust". Similarly it also notes that in theory you could write equally fast C/C++ (since Goose compiles to C), but it would be an unreadable, unsafe mess.
Note also the fact that e.g. array indexing has bounds checks without escape hatches for the programmer, but the compiler can elide quite a few of them, and the language has tools to help the programmer write code that is guaranteed to be check-free.
I think that suggests the ambition is to compete with Rust in the domain of combining safety with not compromising on performance.
I'm curious, when returning a dynamically sized array from a function, does the whole array need to be copied? C++/Rust would simple move the array out of the function (i.e., they would only copy the pointer to the underlying data), but it seems this wouldn't work in Goose if the stack the dynamic array lives in is cleared on return?
Goose determines where the array will be copied to at compile time and allocates it there.
Rust does a similar thing. When a function returns a value, a location for it will be put in the callers stack frame. That means it automatically stack-allocates values when feasible. The downside in Rust is you need to know the size of the value at compile time whereas Goose can do it for arbitrarily sized values
Interesting. Lobster rocks, and Goose is similar to something I've been building on the side, but would rather have someone build for me... Hopefully this guy does it!
If you can't be bothered to read and structure your own README after getting an AI agent to write more than 10,000+ lines on a single page, it becomes a DONTREADME.md.
Yet, the author expects YOU to read all of what they didn't write. So I ain't reading all of that.
Keep going, and I hope more people start rolling their own languages.
If anyone is interested, I'm fairly close to finalizing Slang and I'm considering open-sourcing it in the near future. What originally started as a simple register based lang for an embeddable VM turned into an insanely expressive meta?programming language. Full system Fω, expansive whole program reflection (you can reflect on absolutely anything), string memory & logic safety..
Even though you can write this by hand, the core idea is to get a very dense and terse language that LLMs can emit while guaranteeing safety and performance.
Looks cool, and well developed. But really, cover pages need some better TL;DR, about the purpose. What is it for? There are a ton of languages out there. What gap is this filling? What is the purpose, the use case. Why do I need to keep reading further?
Edit
Man, two posting about Goose back to back.
Carmack alone might be enough to read further.
I think it is a general systems programming language that fits for a variety of use cases but especially well with trees, records and where you want to have direct data (de-)serialization, like flatten out a tree and pick it up then (last one reminds me of FlatBuffers, another invention of the programming language author). I think if you look into the Discord channel there's some nice examples.
Oh, is this then the Holy Grail of memory handling or what?!
Please share it with logistics guys, since putting stuff from here and there into warehouse storage, then taking away, put some more in than planned sometimes, keeps spinning their heads. They need all the good logic!
So, yet another programming language, that's nice. I never thought there will be one more beyond English.
PLEASE rewrite this without AI-isms. AI can write perfectly good code now, but its prose - even the latest models - is just awful to read. It hurts my brain to read this.
For instance, how would you represent a hash table where the values are strings and at random, the program inserts or deletes a random string?
This doesn't seem like something you could easily represent. The only way I can think of is to keep a stack that holds all of your strings, and you periodically compact it.
Edit: Maybe you could also have a separate stack for strings of various sizes. One each for strings less than 8, 16, ... bytes. But at that point you're basically implementing your own malloc by hand.
Edit: Fwiw I do think Goose is very cool! I've had to hand-roll a lot of similar stuff in Rust before to speed up memory management
For example, you can build up a tree of all variable sized nodes inside a single array.
Where it gets interesting is if you must arbitrarily delete tree nodes, and you can't structure it to do that in stack order. The language has various tools for this, like fixed arrays with capacity, or pools of either single elements or runs of elements.
That example implements a linked list of integers. I'm curious how you would do a linked list of strings
Goose has a built-in generic hash table called dictionary<K, V>, provided by its standard library.
https://aardappel.github.io/goose/docs/stdlib.html#dictionar...
> Keys and values are fixed-size
so not quite what I'm looking for
Conceptually:
dictionary<i64, StringReference>
> Goose code holds typed references where the equivalent Rust holds u32 indices into an arena — and it is where a good share of the benchmark wins come from.
It's not entirely mad to do it this way, and I can see some benefits. For one, you might have multiple of these pools across the program for different data-types, which would make allocating to any one of them a cheaper operation. It is much more reference safe since you are only ever freeing stuff in a certain context and you can still never have dangling pointers. When you look at memory safe languages, they all default to this eventually. Like Rust in the advanced case will have you implementing your own allocator, lot's of games use this thing called ECS which is essentially a kind of allocator. Goose would just have it be more common.
I wonder if the name of the language was inspired by the way geese fly in formation, with trailing birds saving energy by flying inside the aerodynamic shadow of the leaders, and swapping in and out as needed. If so, a very nice metaphor for the memory management model.
I was also impressed by the documentation. As we know AI-generted docs tends to be rather mediocre, but the author has clearly invested time in making in readable such that the relevance and rationale of design decisions provide the context that a curious programmer needs to understand why things are implemented in a particular way.
I really appreciated the detailed samples, ranging from simple algorithmic theorems up to a small game. Again, I don't have the experience to rate the language vs others, but I was struck by readable the code was and how easy it was to follow task flow. Not having to think about classes is always a plus!
Anyway, I usually the the offering of a new language with dispassionate interest, as something to be aware of and but not get too invested in or familiar with until it gains enough popularity to have a good shot at longevity. Goose is the first language in a long time where I looked at it and immediately thought that I'd like to use it for its own sake.
The name is an animal because all my past PL designs are animals (I also made Lobster etc). Goose seemed like a fun name.
ps: Ah well, I could have searched before asking https://strlen.com/programming-languages/
super neat history !
Something that I'm interested in: How fast is the compilation speed on large programs compared to Zig, C, Go?
My ideal language is safer than Rust (no deadlocks / livelocks, no stack overflow from recursion), is optimized for cache locality, but compiles faster than Zig.
This seems like it's close to 2/3.
At compile time, Goose will analyze your program and determine a number of stacks, N, for it. N is the maximum number of "growable" items you can have in existence at any given point in time. Using virtual memory tricks, each stack can grow up to 2GB, but it uses a contiguous address space and only uses as much physical memory as it actually needs.
For the program you're describing, I think you would end up with two stacks: one to parse the input and a second to print it. When you parse the input, Goose reads characters from the string one at a time and puts them onto the stack. Once it has hit the end of value, it will update the stack so it now represents the decoded JSON value (strings will just leave the characters in place, numbers will pop off the characters and push the number onto the stack). Goose repeats this until it has parsed the whole JSON, and now the whole JSON is on the stack.
Then, when you print the JSON, Goose uses the second stack to build a string. Like the parsing approach, it iterates through each element of the JSON and pushes its string representation onto the stack. Once it's done, it resets the stack pointers to free the memory.
This is really nice because allocating memory is just adding to the pointer, and freeing it is subtracting from the pointer.
In contrast, Rust automatically inserts malloc() and free() calls throughout your code, which are much more expensive than pointer arithmetic. On top of that, freeing a vector of heap-allocated objects is O(n), whereas if done right in Goose, it would be O(1)
Goose can store entire trees (of variable sized things) inside an array.
Check the features section (https://aardappel.github.io/goose/#features), which starts off with how memory works.
Apache modules worked like this (still do, presumably). Each request has a stack; allocations bump the stack pointer; when a request is finished, the stack pointer is reset. Incredibly efficient as long as you don't need to keep memory longer than a single request.
Looks like in Goose, each scope acts like an apache "request".
Embassy (https://github.com/embassy-rs/embassy) uses this concept of no heap allocation and I find it really solid. Even if you write in C, most of the times you don't use heap. MISRA, the C coding standard for automotives, doesn't allow dynamic allocation!
Where does Goose sit when classified along these dimensions?
Sure, performance is right there on the packaging but no word about UB in the README. I read "Goose has syntax familiar to C and Rust" as DX in the same ballpark, but is it a performance first or safety first language.
If it is the former it occupies the same crowded niche as C++ and its many cousins and will have a hard time.
If it's the latter it will have much more room to prosper. We don't have enough languages in the niche that Rust and Ada fill right now.
> Goose: my latest programming language. Safer, faster and less memory than Rust/C++ for algorithms where tightly packed, flat data structures matter.
> It can represent more kinds of data structures as flat, pointer-free bytes than any language I know.
https://xitter.cf/wvo/status/2107979660558766351
So one way to answer might be: how often do you reach for unsafe when using Rust? If you don't I guess Rust is safer. If you do… it gets trickier.
As for UB, I guess you could try looking through the spec and/or the reference? Like, the code is mostly generated by Claude after WvO wrote a specification. If it were anyone else I'd be worried, but given WvO's cv I actually suspect that means the spec leaves basically no ambiguity.
However, Goose compiles to C. Does that by definition mean UB sneaks in, or is there a "UB free" C subset? I don't write C, so I don't really know.
The complete omission of UB in the README could be one of two things. Either that the topic is not important or that it is considered a given and not worth mentioning.
Note also the fact that e.g. array indexing has bounds checks without escape hatches for the programmer, but the compiler can elide quite a few of them, and the language has tools to help the programmer write code that is guaranteed to be check-free.
I think that suggests the ambition is to compete with Rust in the domain of combining safety with not compromising on performance.
Rust does a similar thing. When a function returns a value, a location for it will be put in the callers stack frame. That means it automatically stack-allocates values when feasible. The downside in Rust is you need to know the size of the value at compile time whereas Goose can do it for arbitrarily sized values
https://strlen.com/programming-languages/
What are the ergonomics of this I wonder.
Yet, the author expects YOU to read all of what they didn't write. So I ain't reading all of that.
If anyone is interested, I'm fairly close to finalizing Slang and I'm considering open-sourcing it in the near future. What originally started as a simple register based lang for an embeddable VM turned into an insanely expressive meta?programming language. Full system Fω, expansive whole program reflection (you can reflect on absolutely anything), string memory & logic safety..
You can do stuff like this:
or this: it also supports full inline asm or llvm ir: Even though you can write this by hand, the core idea is to get a very dense and terse language that LLMs can emit while guaranteeing safety and performance.Why Goose - https://aardappel.github.io/goose/#why-goose
Edit Man, two posting about Goose back to back. Carmack alone might be enough to read further.
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=50224100
Please share it with logistics guys, since putting stuff from here and there into warehouse storage, then taking away, put some more in than planned sometimes, keeps spinning their heads. They need all the good logic!
So, yet another programming language, that's nice. I never thought there will be one more beyond English.